Posted: December 14th, 2016

A major benefit of psychophysiological methods is that they provide insight into the thoughts, perceptions, and emotions of infants. extraneous influences on physiological responses are never a problem. physiological responses are not sensitive to psychological state. the interpretation of physiological responses is objective.

Question

Research Strategies

1 . __________ is a description of the entire stream of the participant’s behavior during a specified time period.

Time sampling

A specimen record

Event sampling

A structured observation

2 . __________ is a method in which the researcher attempts to understand the unique individual child by combining data from multiple sources.

Natural experiment

Ethnography

Microgenetic design

The clinical method

3 . __________ is used by review committees at universities that are charged with evaluating the ethics of research proposals.

Validity

Debriefing

A risks-versus-benefits ratio

Reliability

4 . __________ is/are a technique used in experimental designs to increase the likelihood that participants’ characteristics do not distort the results.

Debriefing

Adaptations periods

Selective attrition

Random assignment

5 . A __________ design is a variation of the longitudinal approach in which researchers observe development as it is occurring.

cross-sectional

microgenetic

ethnographic

longitudinal-sequential

6 . A hypothesis

guides the selection of research methods and designs when little or no theory exists on a topic.

is a prediction about behavior drawn from a theory.

refers to an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.

tests predictions drawn from theories.

7 . A major benefit of psychophysiological methods is that

they provide insight into the thoughts, perceptions, and emotions of infants.

extraneous influences on physiological responses are never a problem.

physiological responses are not sensitive to psychological state.

the interpretation of physiological responses is objective.

8 . A major limitation of naturalistic observation is that

the findings cannot be generalized beyond the children and settings in which the research was originally conducted.

not all children have the same opportunity to display a particular behavior in everyday life.

researchers often must pour over hours of videotaped records, analyzing each participant’s behavior.

interpreting physiological responses involves a high degree of inference.

9 . A major limitation of the clinical interview is that

it does not permit people to display their thoughts in terms that are close to the way they think in everyday life.

it does not yield the same depth of information as a systematic observation.

the questions asked of each participant are not flexible.

it may underestimate the capacities of individual who have difficulty putting their thoughts into words.

10 . An advantage of cross-sectional designs is that

the effects of early experience on later development can be examined.

researchers do not have to be concerned about selective attrition.

their validity cannot be threatened by cohort effects.

it is an efficient strategy for examining individual development.

11 . Both __________ and __________ are descriptive, qualitative research techniques.

the clinical method; ethnography

naturalistic observations; structured observations

field experiments; natural experiments

Event sampling; time sampling

12 . Cohort effects refer to

the failure to select participants who are representative of the population of interest.

changes in participants’ natural responses as a result of repeated testing.

the selective loss of participants during an investigation.

the effects of cultural-historical change on the accuracy of findings.

13 . In a __________ design, groups of participants born in different years are followed over time.

cross-sectional

microgenetic

longitudinal-sequential

longitudinal

14 . In a longitudinal design,

moment-by-moment changes in a group of participants are studied over a series of closely spaced sessions.

one group of participants is studied repeatedly over time.

groups of participants born in different years are followed over time.

groups of participants of different ages are studied at the same point in time.

15 . Inferences about cause and effect relationships can be made in an experimental design because

researchers track developmental change as it is occurring.

the researcher directly manipulates changes in the independent variable.

treatment conditions already exist in the real world.

participants are systematically assigned to treatment conditions.

16 . Natural experiments are less precise than field experiments because

obtained group differences may be due to variables other than the treatment.

comparisons are limited to age-group averages.

findings from natural experiments may not generalize to the real world.

the accuracy of observations may be reduced by observer bias and observer influence.

17 . One way to determine the validity of research methods is to

compare the extent to which two independent observers agree on their observations of people’s actions.

compare children’s scores on different halves of a single test.

compare children’s responses to the same measure on separate occasions.

see how effective a method is in predicting the behavior that the experimenter expects it to predict.

18 . One way to minimize observer bias in systematic observations is to

ask individuals who are part of the child’s natural environment to do the observing.

use adaptations periods.

use observers who have no knowledge of the researcher’s hypothesis.

take children through a simulated experience.

19 . The right of research participants to have explained to them all aspects of a study that may affect their willingness to participate is known as

protection from harm.

debriefing.

informed consent.

a risks-versus-benefits ratio.

20 . Which of the following correlations is moderate and negative?

-.18

.04

-.78

-.44

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